硫酸卡那霉素注射液含量测定的不确定度分析

为研究微生物检定法(管碟法)测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液生物效价试验中各因素对结果的影响,采用不确定度分析,将影响因素归纳为称量、稀释、加样、测定、平行试验,量化各不确定度分量,评估各因素的影响因子。结果表明,牛津杯加样体积对测定结果影响最大,提示试验中应尽可能精确控制加样体积。     

高温处理对漆蜡碘值的影响

为了研究高温处理对漆蜡皂化值的影响情况,设处理温度分别为100、110、120、130、140和150℃,处理时间长度分别为1、2、3、4和5 h,就不同温度条件和处理时间对漆蜡碘值的影响情况进行了试验。结果表明:在100℃的温度条件下,不同处理时间的漆蜡碘值整体低于其他几组温度处理的,其变化范围为62.4~70.2 mg·g-1;当温度为150℃时,不同处理时间的漆蜡碘值比其他几组温度处理的整体上相对要高些,其变化范围为76.0~85.8 mg·g-1;不同温度处理的漆蜡碘值存在差异,且差异达到极显著水平,其中处理温度为100℃与其他5组处理温度(110、120、130、140和150℃)对漆蜡碘值的影响差异均达到极显著水平;110与120℃、130和150℃各组处理对漆蜡碘值的影响差异显著;120、130、140和150℃的温度条件下不同处理时间对漆蜡碘值的影响均存在差异,但相互之间的差异均未达到显著水平。     

传统村落整体人文生态系统浅析

指出了整体人文生态系统是人与自然环境协同演化发展形成的有机整体 ,传统村落的整体人文生态系统更是人与自然和谐发展的典型范例.从认知、理解、运用三个层面浅析了传统村落整体人文生态系统 ,并以永定县客家土楼传统村落、元阳县哈尼族传统村落为例评价了传统村落的整体人文生态系统 ,以定位该村落的现状 ,分析了其特征来剖析该村落的遗产价值 ,最后提出了对其保护与开发的简要规划.     

从世遗标准看广东客家乡村景观的文化遗产价值

在认知粤东北传统客家乡村景观遗产分布、构成及现状的基础上,运用世界遗产杰出普世价值的评估标准,分析归纳了它作为文化景观的遗产价值;主要体现在三个方面:1)两千年中原文化南迁历史的活体见证;2)客家传统文化及民俗风貌的独特展示;3)岭南山区人居环境营造的杰出范例。     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.     

Diets of endangered silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana,Kirtland, 1844) in Lake Erie and implications for recovery

Silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland, 1844) is a native Cyprinid in Lake Erie, one of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. It is listed as endangered by the US state of New York and Canada, which has a recovery plan, and as special concern by the state of Michigan. Silver chub faces a potential threat to recovery from control efforts for invasive Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes 1844). Among the knowledge gaps for protection and restoration is current diet data. I describe the diet of silver chub from western Lake Erie in 2014, and I compare it to past studies to assess changes in diet through time. Silver chub captured in bottom trawls May–September 2014 were frozen in the field, and stomach contents were preserved in ethanol. Diet taxa were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic unit, then dried and weighed. Frequency of occurrence in silver chub diets was highest for Hexagenia spp. mayflies (79%). Dreissena spp. and Hexagenia spp. were both 41% of the diet by dry weight. Analysis of δ¹³C isotopes identified Hexagenia spp. as the primary source of carbon in silver chub. Compared to past studies, Dreissena spp. have mostly replaced Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda in silver chub diets. There also have been seasonal shifts in relative amounts of shelled organisms and Hexagenia spp. This study and past research suggest a functional link between silver chub and Hexagenia spp. abundance. Maintenance and recovery of silver chub may be dependent on maintaining Hexagenia spp. populations.     

Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all

Pike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.     

Habitat configuration for an obligate shallow‐water delphinid: The Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin,Sousa chinensis,in the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin)

1. Habitat configuration is an important baseline to delineate protected area design, refine impact mitigation measures and define habitat protection plans for threatened species. For coastal delphinids, outlining their habitat configuration becomes a real challenge when faced with large distribution ranges that straddle international borders, leaving broad information gaps in uninvestigated areas.
2. This study projected likely habitats of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, in the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin) based on occurrence data and remotely sensed oceanographic characteristics. Net primary productivity was derived to measure the ecosystem service of humpback dolphin habitats.
3. Bathymetry and chlorophyll‐a concentration are major variables contributing to humpback dolphin habitat configuration, which is characterized by shallow water depth and high primary productivity. Three major, likely habitats were identified in the northern Beibu Gulf from western Leizhou Peninsula to the China–Vietnam border, western Gulf of Tonkin from the Red River estuary to the central coast of Vietnam, and south‐western Hainan Island. Less than 9% of likely habitats are currently protected by marine protected areas.
4. Affinity to high primary productivity and shallow depths implies that prey abundance and foraging efficiency influence habitat selection by Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins. Anthropogenic activities potentially altering oceanographic characteristics may impact regional marine ecosystem functions, and hence habitat configuration.
5. Habitat protection actions for Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins include implementing coordinated and systematic surveys in major habitats, associating core habitat protection with protected area networks and maritime function zoning, ensuring ecosystem function integrity within major habitats, and reducing both explicit lethal impacts and implicit anthropogenic impacts from activities that change oceanographic features. The habitat protection plan should not only consider marine habitats, but also adjacent coastal landscapes and river catchments. This requires coordination, collaboration and information sharing between scientific research teams, government policy representatives, non‐governmental organizations, local communities and other interested stakeholders.

     

Fishing for conservation of freshwater tropical fishes in the Anthropocene

1. The ecosystem services provided by freshwater biodiversity are threatened by development and environmental and climate change in the Anthropocene.
2. Here, case studies are described to show that a focus on the shared dependence on freshwater ecosystem functioning can mutually benefit fisheries and conservation agendas in the Anthropocene.
3. Meeting the threat to fish biodiversity and fisher livelihood is pertinent in developing regions where there is often a convergence between high biodiversity, high dependency on aquatic biota and rapid economic development (see Kafue River, Logone floodplain, Tonle Sap, and Rio Negro case studies).
4. These case studies serve as evidence that biodiversity conservation goals can be achieved by emphasizing a sustainable fisheries agenda with partnerships, shared knowledge and innovation in fisheries management (see Kafue River and Kenai River case studies).
5. In all case studies, aquatic biodiversity conservation and fisheries agendas are better served if efforts focused on creating synergies between fishing activities with ecosystem functioning yield long‐term livelihood and food security narratives.
6. A unified voice from conservation and fisheries communities has more socio‐economic and political capital to advocate for biodiversity and social interests in freshwater governance decisions.